ABSTRACT
With the acceleration of the aging society, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), have become a rapidly growing global health crisis. Recent studies have indicated that microglia-neuron interactions are critical for maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system. Genome-Wide Association Studies and brain imaging studies have suggested that microglia are activated in early stage of neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are specialized phagocytes in the brain. The discovery of a new phagocytic pathway, trogocytosis, suggests that there is a close interaction between microglia and surviving neurons. In this review, we summarize the important roles of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases, and further analyze the functions and molecular mechanisms of microglia phagocytosis and trogocytosis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alzheimer Disease , Genome-Wide Association Study , Microglia/metabolism , Neurodegenerative Diseases , Phagocytosis/physiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Tenofovir disoproxil (TDF) is a promising salvage therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who failed regimens of other nucleoside analogues (NAs). In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of TDF monotherapy in Chinese CHB patients with genotypic resistance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 33 CHB patients who had failed treatment with other NAs and had genotypic resistance were switched to TDF monotherapy for 48 weeks. Patients' demographic data (age, sex, history of hepatitis B virus [HBV] therapy), laboratory testing results (hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg] status, HBV DNA levels, alanine aminotransferase [ALT] levels, serum creatinine, urinary protein, genotypic assay), clinical symptoms, and liver color ultrasound examinations were collected for evaluation at day 0 (baseline) and the 12th, 24th, 36th, and 48th weeks after initiating treatment. Statistical analyses were carried out using rank sum test or rank correlation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With regard to efficacy, the study found that all patients who switched to TDF monotherapy had undetectable HBV DNA levels after 48 weeks. In addition, patients with lower baseline HBV DNA levels realized earlier virological undetectability (rs = 0.39, P = 0.030). ALT levels were normal in 30 of 33 patients (91%). HBeAg negative conversion occurred in 7 of 25 patients (28%), among whom HBeAg seroconversion (12%) and HBeAg seroclearance (16%) occurred. The time of complete virological response was significantly affected by the number of resistance loci (rs = 0.36, P = 0.040). Concerning safety, the study found that no adverse events were observed during the 48 weeks.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TDF monotherapy is an effective and safe salvage treatment for CHB patients who are resistant to other NAs.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anti-HIV Agents , Therapeutic Uses , DNA, Viral , Genetics , Drug Resistance, Viral , Genotype , Hepatitis B virus , Virulence , Hepatitis B, Chronic , Drug Therapy , Prospective Studies , Tenofovir , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
Objective To explore the relationship of nitricoxide synthase(NOS)and cell apoptosis in epilepsy.Methods Pentylenetetrazol(PTZ)was used to build models of epilepsy.Cell apoptosis in each group were detected by flow cytometer,level of NOS was detected by colorimetric method.Results Levels of NOS increased obviously 1 hour after epilepsy and decreased;but at the 6th hour,NOS increased again and peaked at the 24th hour.Cell apotosis begin to increase at 6th hour and peaked at 24th hour after epilepsy,and decreased at 48th hour after epilepsy,there were significance differences compared with control group(Pa
ABSTRACT
Objective To probe the effect of c-fos gene on the pentyleneterazol-induced hippocampal neurons apoptosis.Methods Using immunohistochemistry,TUNEL and flow cytometry(FCM),we detected the Fos expression and the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons;we injected c-fos antisense into ventrile before epilepsy and detected as up.Results Epilepsy can induce the expression of Fos in the hippocampus and peaking at 1 h(P
ABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to develop a valuable adsorbent for recovery of platinum by studying the properties of Pt4+ -adsorption with immobilized Citrobacter freudii XP05 biomass. Five methods for immobilization of Citrobacter freudii XP05 biomass were compared. The method with gelatin-alginate sodium as entrapment matrix was considered to be the optimal. Spherical and uniform beads were produced and the SEM micrograph indicated that the cell of strain XP08 were uniformly dispersed within the matrix. The adsorption of Pt4+ by immobilized XP05 biomass was affected with adsorptive time, pH value of the solution, immobilized biomass concentration, Pt4+ initial concentration The adsorption was a rapid process. The optimal pH value for Pt4+ adsorption was 1.5, and its adsorptive capacity increased linearly with increasing Pt4+ initial concentrations in the range of 50 - 250 mg/L. The experimental data could be fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption isotherm. The adsorptive capacity reached 35.2 mg/g under the conditions of 250 Pt4+ mg/L, 2.0 g/L immobilized biomass, pH 1.5 and 30 degrees C for 60 min. 98.7% of Pt4+ adsorbed on immobilized biomass could be desorbed with 0.5 mol HC1/L. The characteristics of dynamic adsorption and desorption of immobilized XP05 biomass in packed-bed reactor were investigated. The saturation uptake was 24.66 mg Pt4+ /g under the conditions of flow rate 1.2 mL/min, pH 1.5, 50 mg Pt4+/L and 1.85 g biomass(dry weight) . Adsorptive efficiency of Pt4 + by the immobilized XP05 biomass was above 78% for 4 cycles of adsorption and desorption. The recovery of platinum from waste platinum catalyst was studied. The adsorptive capacity was 20.94 mg Pt4+/g immobilized biomass under the conditions of 4.0 g/L immobilized XP05 biomass, 117.76 mg Pt4+/L and pH 1.5 for 60 min. The immobilized XP05 biomass is potentially applicable to the recovery of platinum from waste and wastewater containing platinum.